Since the end of the 1970s, in almost all European countries the generational shift in the world of labor has caused a drop in the levels of unionization. Many factors have contributed to this decline, related to both the market and the organization of work. Deindustrialization, polarization of professional structures, and the increase of immigrant workers risk undermining the social cohesion between workers and favoring welfare chauvinism.#There are three possible negative outcomes for unions: marginalization, isolation among only strong and protected workers, and replacement with other forms of social action. However, it is possible that unions can regain their vitality thanks to deep renewal, looking to the workers that have been created by the digital economy.