Geoeconomics and protectionism: the harsh law of the hammer
The trajectory of globalization shows that international trade does not follow a linear or irreversible path, but reflects a fragile balance among economic interests, political power, and conflicting ideological visions. After decades of market liberalization and faith in the multilateral institutions born after World War II, today’s global economic order is undergoing profound transformation. The idea of universal cooperation is giving way to bilateral and regional logics, while borders, mistrust, and geopolitical rivalries re-emerge. The multilateral framework that had ensured stability and ...