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Beyond Victory: Fan Engagement Between Identity and Community

On May 15, 2020, during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Bundesliga, one of the major European football leagues, officially resumed play with new protocols, new rules, and, above all, empty stadiums. Following the Bundesliga, with different methods and timelines, all major sports leagues worldwide decided to restart initially without spectators and then gradually reopened to reach 100 ...