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A New Management of Global Markets
The fragmentation of global value chains in many economic sectors and the emergence of a "regional globalization" require a rethinking of internal demand limited to some large areas, such as Europe. Temptations for protectionist policies, whether in Europe or in single member states, must be offset with balanced economic development policies in the long-term, based on the advantages of maintaining ...
State Intervention in the Economy? What Counts is Quality
Today's advanced countries, including Italy, were able to produce a revolution in industry, and then in services, thanks to entrepreneurship favored by the active role of the state and public institutions. In the first two decades after the Second World War, there was maximum exploitation of the impetus generated previously by public institutions. The active role of IRI, the special interventions ...
Innovator Country, Not Entrepreneurial State
What our country is lacking is not an "Entrepreneurial State" – an expression often misunderstood and manipulated to promote forms of neo-statism from the 1970s – but a state oriented towards the development and growth of knowledge and the market, that promotes research and innovation in all contexts and areas of society.#Italy needs to be an "Innovator Country," in all of its expressions and ...
European Diversity Without Unity
A clear distinction exists between the U.S. and Europe: while the former is a nation, the latter is a sum of many nations, even larger than the number of states of which it consists. This heterogeneity, especially at a cultural level, makes it hard to speak of a single European capitalism, with unique and similar characteristics. There are actually different types, strongly rooted in the cultural ...
The Return of the State? It Depends
The financial crisis of 2008-2009 did not lead to a return of the state in the economy, but to a liquidity crisis. In Europe, this was less acute than in the United States, where for example the Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP) avoided bankruptcies, but did not solve the underlying problems, such as those of the three large automotive companies (General Motors, Chrysler, and Ford), which suffered ...
Business-Labor: Equal Status and Common Planning
The pandemic has highlighted the fragilities and deep inequalities that characterize the current economic system. At the same time, a process has begun that requires a profound change, the participation of workers in business decisions. Fifty years after Italy's "Workers' Statute" was passed, the time has come to define a new statute that guarantees the same rights and protections, independent of ...
Nationalizations and Privatizations from a Historical Perspective
In Italy, the mixture between public and private has been an unavoidable characteristic in the nation's path of economic modernization. Between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, state initiative gave concrete form to the unification of the country, providing indispensible infrastructure. The companies in the IRI group were then the protagonists of the "economic miracle," in which the attitude ...
The Bumpy Road of the Exit from the Mixed Economy
The divestment of the companies held by IRI did not require any additional intervention in terms of public finance, demonstrating their evident condition of good health. The privatizations were also driven by an essentially financial logic: the state sought high and immediate financial proceeds, but often without an in-depth evaluation of the quality of the buyers or the consequences of the divestments ...
The Capitalism of the Future: State and Businesses in Search of an Author
In the last two years, the fragility of our businesses, due to their fragmentation, low capitalization, and the effects of the pandemic, has been supported by the public hand. But the prospects that emerged during 2022, first stagflation and then inflation, as well as a radical redesign of production and distribution chains at the international level, require a deep reflection that goes well beyond ...